Education in India

India has been a major seat of learning for centuries. Its current state presents a much varied picture. While the country has some of the best Universities (ISB, IITs, IISc, IIMs, AIIMS) in the world, it is also dealing with challenges in its primary education and strives to reach 100% literacy. Universal Primary Education, with its challenges of keeping poor children in school and maintaining quality of education in rural areas, has been difficult to achieve (Kerala is the only Indian state to reach this goal so far). All levels of education, from primary to higher education, are heavily subsidized by the Indian government.

Structure

The system is divided into preprimary, primary, middle, secondary (or high school), and higher levels. Preprimary is usually composed of Lower Kindergarten and Higher Kindergarten, where primary reading and writing skills are developed. Primary school includes children of ages six to eleven, organized into classes one through five. Middle school pupils aged eleven through fourteen are organized into classes six through eight, and high school students ages fourteen through eighteen are enrolled in classes nine through twelve. Higher Education in India provides an opportunity to specialize in a field and includes technical schools (such as the Indian Institutes of Technology), colleges, and universities. In India, the main types of schools are those controlled by: The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) board, The Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE) board, The state government and "International schools." These schools mimic the schools in the West in pattern and syllabi and mainly comprise children of immigrants and rich Indians who can afford it. The exams conducted have the syllabus of anyone of the above Counsils/ Boards. [edit]

Elementary Education

During the eighth five-year plan, the target of "universalizing" elementary education was divided into three broad parameters: Universal Access, Universal Retention and Universal Achievement i.e., making education accessible to children, making sure that they continue education and finally, achieving goals. As a result of education programs, by the end of 2000, 94% of India's rural population had primary schools within one km and 84% had upper primary schools within 3 km. Special efforts have made to enroll SC/ST and girls. The enrollment in primary and upper-primary schools has gone up considerably since the first five-year plan. So has the number of primary and upper-primary schools. In 1950-51, only 3.1 million students had enrolled for primary education. In 1997-98, this figure was 39.5 million. The number of primary and upper-primary schools was 0.223 million in 1950-51. This figure was 0.775 million in 1996-97. In 2002/2003, an estimated 82% of children in the age group of 6-14 were enrolled in school. The Government of India aims to increase this to 100% by the end of the decade. To achieve this the Government launched Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan. The strategies adopted by the Government to check drop-out rate are: creating parental awareness community mobilization economic incentives Minimum Levels of Learning (MLL) District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education (Mid-day Meals Scheme) The 83rd Constitutional Amendment Bill was introduced in Rajya Sabha to make the Right to Elementary Education a fundamental right and a fundamental duty. National Elementary Education Mission A National Committee of State Education Ministers has been set up with the Minister of Human Resource Development as the Chairperson of the committee. Media publicity and advocacy plans. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan

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